Formative Assessment Essay Example for Free

Formative Assessment EssayAssessment is regularly conducted by classroom instructors to determine whether students learn the lessons or have acquired the skills they have been taught. However, the prevailing purpose of judgment is that it is given after lessons. It is also viewed as extra work that consumes time that would have been better spent in teaching. Some teachers do non even have the adequate chouseledge as to how to assess properly having focused more on how to teach (in contrast with how to assess) during their years in teacher training school. As a consequence, assessment results tend to function as a periodic snapshot of student progress and as predictors of student performance on the end-of-year statewide tests (Heritage, 2007) rather than a tool to help teachers during instruction. This need is the reason why formative assessment should be implemented. Heritage defines formative assessment as a systematic process to continuously gather evidence about learning. The data ar used to identify a students current level of learning and to adapt lessons to help the student reach the desired learning goal (2007). It involves strategies which can be categorized into three types On-the-fly-assessment which requires the teacher to provide quick pop-up lessons right during discussions to correct students misconceptions Planned-for-interaction which requires teachers to think of questions beforehand which would make students think and explore ideas during discussion time and, Curriculum-embedded assessment where the teacher solicits feedback by existence lecture with the students about ongoing classroom activities like seatwork, board work or students notes.There are four core elements of formative assessment (Heritage, 2007). First, it is a sum for teachers to identify the gap between the students current status in learning and the desired educational goals. Second, it is designed to provide feedback at multiple levels. Third, it encourages stude nt elaboration in the daily classroom discussion. Finally, it aims to help teachers develop learning progressions. To use formative assessment successfully, however, teachers also need to possess certain knowledge and skills.Teachers moldiness have domain knowledge of their subject area of expertise pedagogical knowledge knowledge of their students previous learning and assessment knowledge or discriminating a variety of proper assessment strategies. With regards to the required skills, the successful implementation of formative assessment can only occur if teachers are able to hit classroom conditions where learners feel a sense of community and can critique each other without fear. They must also help students learn how to assess themselves.Teachers must be skilled in analyzing student inferences. Finally, they must be able to match instruction to the gap in the present skill level or knowledge of the learner. Heritages article provides a convincing argument for formative asse ssment as it points out the ineffectiveness of current assessment methods to rattling help the learner. When students perform poorly in periodical and annual exams, it becomes too late to do something about things. Students either get low grades or are not promoted to the next level.Something could have been done halfway through the school year had formative assessments been conducted. However, formative assessment can only be seen forthwith as an alternative to the existing views since year-end statewide assessments, for example, would be a hard practice to do away with. The present school system, specifically the public schools, have been practicing traditionalistic assessment methods for decades, even the new curriculum and programs do not change things.Nevertheless, the article introduces a challenge to educators and administrators to try this alternative if it is being lamented that the quality of the aptitude skills of the students has been regressing every year. School ad ministrators should mind the rationale behind formative assessment, which is placing more emphasis towards reforming student performance rather than the punishment-reward system that the traditional method offers.Of course, this would mean additional training for teachers who are not used to employing formative assessment in their own classrooms and changes in the curricula of teacher training schools. thusly again, the benefits of formative assessment as enumerated in the article far outweigh all cost considerations.Reference Heritage, Margaret. (2007, October). Formative Assessment What do teachers need to know and do? Phi Delta Kappan, pp. 140-145.

Mexican Culture Essay Example for Free

Mexican Culture EssayI. IntroductionA. Hello my name is Yaakov B. The purpose of my drinkment today is to inform you on the Mexican culture. C. First, I will talk to the highest degree the early tarradiddle of Mexico. Se abstractd I will talk about its religion. Last I will tell you about the lifestyle This ends my introduction .now onto my body of my presentation II. Mexican culture goes back to the olmec, Maya and Aztecs1. The Olmec where the fist Mesoamerican civilization, they were in addition the first to practice blood based rituals, they had type of artwork characterized by the colossal heads. 2. Maya lived in a vast area covering parts of present day Guatemala, Mexico and the western areas of Honduras and Salvador. Mayas had no central king that ruled a vast empire. Each city had its own ruler. Ancient Maya developed advanced systems of astronomy, mathematics an accurate calendar systems, extensive trade routes. The jaguar is the icon of power of Maya biography.3. The Aztec empire was peopled by a group that was once nomadic. The Aztecs principal food for thought was tortillas. Tenochtitlan is their capital city, which is present day Mexico city.B 1. These civilizations where destroyed by the Spanish in 1521.hernado Cortez accompanied by five hundred and Indian allies. The Spaniards won prideful over the Aztecs. 2. The Spaniards had better weapons and horses. Iron armor and steel swords were where above Aztecs weaponry as the Aztecs had clubs, wooden swords, and spears. Guns and cannons were used to annihilate the Aztec defense . Horses stunned Aztecs for they had never seen horses before.3. The Spanish brought new diseases, such as smallpoxs which killed many people. An African slave who came in 1520 had small pox. One of the Spanish spends contracted the disease. During combat the soldier died and Aztecs contracted the disease which killed many .That was my fist point. Now into my second point.A. Religion in Mexico was influenced by Span ish rule. 1. The Roman Catholic Church had a immobile influence. Hernandez Cortez was the one who brought the catholic church to Mexico . 2. Priests learned native languages and converted American Indians to catholism. this way it would be better talk then to fight for conversion.B. 1. Catholism was established as the dominant religion of Mexico. Catholicism is not just a religion its a way of life in Mexico. Fifty percent of Mexicos population attends weekly mass in their local church. Religion is a big part of Mexican culture.I have shared the early history of Mexico and religion. Now onto my last point A. The lifestyle of Mexico consist of celebrations, cinema and arts 1. A celebration that is celebrated is the day of the dead. This celebration has come far as the Aztecs. This holiday is for remembering and honoring those who have passed away. 2. The golden age of Mexican cinema. This period between 1935 to 1969.the golden era is thought to have started with the film vamonos con pancho villa (1935). To now it has been considered the best of the cinema of Mexico, another famous actor of this era is Maria Felix. 3. Diego Rivera the artist who painted many famous paintings such as the vertex vendor, and many more. Fernando Botera had a unique style of painting all of his characters were oddly figured which would be impossible in real lifeIII. ConclusionI have shared the early history, religion and lifestyle of my unique culture. Now into my conclusion of my presentation. 1. The significance of the history of Mexico is to inform people about the great history of Mexico. 2. The religion is the cause of Spanish influence on Mexico. 3. Lifestyle is significant because of how it has developed.I want to thank all of you for allowing me to share this important part of me with you.

Catwalk Models And The Role Model Debate Communications Essay

Catwalk Models And The Role Model Debate Communications EssayFashion places pay been beneath the media spot light non solitary(prenominal) for their catwalks but in any(prenominal) case for posing as a main character on the coat aught arguing. Who is a coat Zero and who is a role model? It is named to be a woman whose clo thin outg size is a, size 2 or less in the US and a size 4 or less in the UK with a waist measurement which is less than 23 inches a size cipher and a authoritativeity size model is a female who is a size 16 or above on average with a hefty body mass index, within the present sociological statistics of the UK. It has now become a trend for the teenagers and adult females to dedicate a very nigh thin figure as a size zero where it would be equal to a waist measurement of an average 8 year old. Many swell upness concerned organisations and pressure groups take a shit brought forward the request of banning under weight models from the catwalks due to the loss of young models of Anorexia Nervosa which has sparked a global debate. On champion hand this essay will evaluate how right it is for dishonors to believe that the use of a reality size model in connective with their brands will exacerbate perceptions, make the brand less desirable and drive them stilt market and to a fault on the another(prenominal) hand how insulting and rude it can be on a consumer when most of the life-style brand adverts use fantasy anatomys on their merchandising and communicational materials. From the dawn of the twenty-four hour period until we call it a day we are wrapped with different marketing communicational materials. Communications are being designed for the everyday by the public. The public opinions and view points could be noticeable enough to the extent of building or sluice tarnishing a brand image. As I slang, wares organisations establish themselves as brands finished thoughts, emotions, and psychological relationships built with consumers all by cr feeding a positive or negative preserve. It is very important for brands to develop and maintain a positive image amongst its target audience. The prices, product quality, service offered, ethical behaviour, corporate colours, logos, staff are some thoughtful points for a brand to position them in the minds of the consumers. Marketing communications help brands to establish themselves through effective methods of communicating with the public. Most brands use human models, celebrities, opinion leaders to represent and endorse the brand image. Brand identity and brand image realms the brand polish as a necessary complement to understanding brand meaning and brand creation (Schroeder and Salzer-Morling 2006). Kelman (1961) explains the level of perceived credibility as seen in terms of perceived objectivity and expertise and the degree to which the source is regarded as attractive and message and thus recipients are motivated to develop similar associ ation or position and the degree of power that the source is believed to possess. Brands make use of models with dynamic magnet who are perceived to be with likeable qualities and who blends well with the product category or organisational values and image, in order to develop a positive attractiveness towards the brand by recipients. More often as brands clear identify the extent any society would go in accepting the appealing sense of a brand ambassador linked to the brand the more(prenominal) likely it is for brands to use very thin and size zero models for their advantage in creating communicational materials. According to Kahle Homer (1985), when a celebrity/models physical attractiveness is congruent with the presence and degree to which the product advertised set ups attractiveness (i.e., attractive model linked with an attractiveness-related product),the Match-Up hypothesis would predict a positive stupor upon product and advertisement evaluations Still many lifestyle brands have been accused for use skinny models for their advertisements. Should brands and fashion users use skinny models? If it is the right model and fits well with the brand identity the use of a skinny model may strengthen the brands position. I believe cutting edgeImage courtesy of the advertising ArchivesThough it is appealing to admire skinny models in association with brands which strengthens brand identity, the public have accused many life style brands for not using reality size models over skinny models and that brands believe the use of a reality size models may cheapen its perception and drive them d feature market. Is it actually fare for brands to invest in reality size models as per the public request? With the much debated size zero the role model debate being wide spread label Spencer who sells garments for any size individual challenged the stereotype techniques of advertisements. In 2001 RKCR/Y R released a TV campaign for Marks Spencer (MS) which featur ed a size 16 naked woman running up a hill shouting Im normal. The nudity of the model suggested that the media have created another beautiful and sexual model even she is not a skinny one through the techniques of erotic creations. This advert then was heavily ridiculed by the public. MS had to withdraw this advert in order to be safeguarding its brand identity. It is the same public who request for reality size models to be featured on advertisements ridicule them, once aired.Examples as such fear any other brands in investing on reality size models as the bottom distribution channel effect would be that the public would reject the brand as a whole. However critics point out that the same firm uses more traditional images to call forth its other brands as Lynx deodorant which features skinny models. The public keep appreciating this advert which is also making use of semi-nude models that are not of size zero to attract the target audience, which has been highly appreciated by the public. Why are sales on clippings and advertisements with not quite real but glamorous skinny models filled to the brim where airbrush imagery portraying in a fantasy world so high? Why do authors and doctors sell dieting remedies quickly? Being thin and loosing the fatty deposits is what the public like to see. The editor of Vogue UK (Alexandra Shulman) says that Magazines simply sell images that people want to see, and that the public wouldnt find even a size 14 model attractive. It is not exactly a secret that gorgeous smell skinny models help make effective advertisements. Is it not right for brands to invest on skinny models rather than investing on a reality size model and been driven down market? Media on the other hand which is regarded as a highly persuasive path, has been capable of developing photographic images through methods such as airbrushing, camera tricks image skin perceptiveness ups to create certain body types, shapes figures in to the public eyes lik e never before. Simply media could be named as a very sharp mechanism which depicts to us with images we have to be in order to be attractive and true by the society we live in. So, is it truly insulting to consumers that many lifestyle brand advertisers continue to portray fantasy images? The photographers are not the only ones with a thirst for creative and artistic images in this modern world its also the re-touches and the advance technology of Photoshop who does the trick of creating unbelievably beautiful and amazing images. Just about every image we see in magazines, adverts and most news written document will have been altered in someway to create a new level of human perfection with anti wrinkles, eye bags, pores, veins and facial hair. pile in the industry always say women prefer fantasy and aspiration, but how far could this statement be true?Lizzie Miller photographed by Walter Chin in the September issue of US Glamour magazine. The first photograph (left hand) of US model Lizzie Miller has not been air brushed at all whilst the cooperate photograph (right hand) of hers is clearly done. She describes her experience as a revelation when she first went in to a fashion shoot with other skinny girls where most of them had either pimples or stretch marks which made her so comfortable with the marks she had, but by the time the photographs were published on magazines most of their real look had been airbrushed out. Why do females imaging that models are perfect? Its the photographers along with the retouches, publicists, models and brands who display a perfect image to enhance the brand perception. For a models fantasy image to look so amazing it takes a dangerous photographer, good lighting, a quality makeup artist, and then a whole load of creatives to sit in front of a computer to produce an image. It may make one wonder why they bo in that respectd using a human model at all. Why has it been to the extremes of airbrushing if it is not the real models picture published? Brands have identified the degree how consumers reach towards their ideal self from the actual self image. Humans have multiple mental representations of self (Higgins 1987) namely actual self image and Ideal self image. A matured consumer would like to see herself way downstairs the actual age, and a consumer who is of a fuller figure would like see herself with a perfect figure. This is why most beauty product rituals of feminine grooming aimed at senior female segments use air brushed. Images of models with healthy looking perfect skin and smiles and a perfect look that any matured looking female will be dreaming to have. In other words these brands seduce women in to consumption of the brand in order to be accepted by the loved once in an unrealistic manner. Potential new buyer for the brands with the use of skinny models and models in fantasy images are challenged on the cubic yard that if a brand can make the skinny models look so amazing the way they look on the photograph then it should be good enough for them to use it in addition. If there is a consumer already making use of the particular brand then the product experience will contribute to a support argument and these advertising messages can be used to reinforce previous brand choice. These technology savvy laboratories help brands establish the values of differentiating their products from the competing other brands in the market and thus helping the brands to inform, remind and persuade through quality but artificial advertisements strategies. In an ethical way of contributing towards marketing communications, I believe consumers need to be told the truth and appreciates seeing realistic images associated with brands in advertisements. Brands try to enter a consumers mind through designing the adverts emotionally and making the consumers feel guilt of how they posse in the society. The images decoded to gain brand perception are nothing but fantasy images of a dre am world. With the cultivation of technology and social networking the word of mouth spreads that these images are unhealthy and unrealistic. Consumers can no longer be fooled to believe they are real images. However as we live in an image culture we take our cues from the culture but are not taught how to deconstruct images correctly. Its like living in an audio culture and not being taught to listen. Thinking deep in to it, would a brand be famous for having models that look perfect to nothing and their by convincing the public the brand is for real? Or would the consumers be intelligent enough to say if the brand is trying to fool its customers by using fake and airbrushed images the brand too could be simply a cover up/air brushed product which is not for real? If brands receive the prominence in the market site by the use of skinny models and as the media experts say that public keep on requesting for fantasy images what is all about the size zero Vs the role model debate? Th ere are the more concerning fundamental and ethical issues related to this topic. In order to maintain and keep such an extra skinny figure, models have to watch what they eat. Models starve to maintain that figure and, as a result these models face the fears of Anorexia Nervosa which is a physical illness that describes an eating disorder characterized by highly low body weight, body image distortion and an obsessive fear of gaining weight (Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders The world health organisations international statistical classification of Diseases and related health problems) which can easily lead in It has become the latest trend in fashion with retailers as http//www.size-0.com, Outfits Etc-Mumbai, India selling garments only for the extra thin. Many major retailers in the high street as Top Shop, MS and even George-ASDA store the size zero garments as there is a growing demand for these garments. Many parents are even concern that the favourite toy item Barbie doll figure could widen ups the opportunity for the kids to hold that its the acceptable size at their early stages. This is not only a concern about the girls but in the broad picture of the boys too. The perfect airbrushed images they see of females, the extra thin size they see on adverts make them As a marketer, consumer and a female I see this communications issue in so many different ways. There is for sure a communications issue that imprints and decodes the incorrect message to the recipients where media can be pointed a figure, but we also need to understand that from year to year, age to age and country to country the ideal body shape changes. Certainly it is very thin at the moment. We experience the Twiggy in the 60s and the heroine chic in the 90s when being thin was the most fashionable thing. There is so much attention been given nowadays to size zero models but the ideal has always been various kinds of thin, with a different name. It is a known fac t that a womans self esteem is highly machine-accessible with the way they look. However it is only the people who lack self confidence and have low self esteem sink them selves with the idea of crossing any boarder of doing anything to look good. As the managing director of Propaganda Mike Philipson, correctly said to Haymarket Business Publications Ltd Using bigger women is only a cosmetic solution to a psychological issue for women with low self-esteem, who aspire to the catwalk look. Culture, social impact, personality and many more could lead a women being skinny. Eating disorders are never the parkway of just one thing. Dieting behaviours in the home environment, pressure from the loved ones to reduce weight could also draw a woman towards developing eating disorders. The editor of Vogue magazine UK, Alexandra Shulman once said My dad said I will never get a husband if I didnt recede weight It is sad but honestly the truth is that when brands make use of thin models and if they are on a cover page of a magazine with fantasy images people are drawn to purchase. Each season when organisations and designers show off their tiring efforts of designs the size zero models are been hand picked for the mere solid ground of displaying the design and the true beauty of the garments more effectively to the general public. It has been identified that the use of size zero models and fantasy images destroy the minds of teenagers as well as adults like it has done with a few catwalk models in the past. The brands are responsible for informing the contemporary women how much little they have to rejoice with themselves if they do not adopt the modern style of living it approach. On one hand whilst saying that it is a more effective method for brands to use skinny models as brand ambassadors in order to keep the brands treated on the top of the consumers minds the media needs to have a great deal of responsibility on the impact it will have on the more vulnerable membe rs of the society. Techniques as airbrushing need to be carried out without a doubt but with certain limitations and controls. There surely is a line somewhere between reality and fantasy when it comes to images and Photoshop has only helped to blur that line. Advertising standards and consumer watch dogs complaints should be considered more seriously when ethical and humane issues are been brought up. I believe we would be just as interested and keen in purchasing magazines overtime if magazines were strong enough to advertise real size models on their pages and covers. Trustworthiness and expertise are the two principal elements of source credibility (Chris withdraw 2005).It is important for the public to realise that if a women displays a size zero figure, it could be due to the fact that either she have unusually skinny genes, or she is harming her self terribly to look that way. The younger women should be given some sort of understanding to read such articles with a certain degree of scepticism and emotional intelligence, which will lead them to make their own mind up without being seduced by this type of content. Tools as public relations has been used as a means of managing communication between parties, where as now communication is regarded as a means of managing g relationships (Kent and Taylor 2002). This impact of brands and media needs to be neutralized by proper management. As consumers it is wise to speculate back if the relevant authorities and government bodies act positively towards saving the true victims? According to the Telegraph the proposed law in France request that all enhance photographs should read photograph retouched to modify the physical appearance of a person which would apply to all advertisements as well as press photos, art photography, policy-making campaigns, on product packaging. The French fashion industry has come up with a voluntary solution of chartering to refraining from extreme thin images prior to legal inte rvention.Fashion weeks in Milan and Madrid have gone up the extent of bringing up concrete campaigns against the ultra thin size zero and even banning the size zero models and whoever was deemed unhealthy by the body mass index from the cat walks This assignment articulates the ways in how brands perceive them selves in the top of the minds of the consumers by using size zero skinny models and also the ways of creating fantasy images with the help of advanced technology as airbrushing. Whats in reality and how consumers should look at this communicational issue in order best practise healthy living in a real world depends upon how well the consumers understand this issue, the ethical concerns and the negative elements of it. End of the day it is worth thinking if the media is worse than it used be or if consumers are more aware of what brands do to promote. (just over Words-3336)References* Chris Fill (2005) Marketing Communications * Schroeder and Salzer-Morling (2006)Snapshots Ae sthetics in Brand CultureJonathan E Schoeder * Chambers, Karen S. (1999). Niche Marketing Pie in the Sky or Sweet Reality? Retrieved from httpwww.annfisher.net.au. * Dunn-Cane, Kathleen, Gonzalez, Joan L. and Stewart, Hildegarde P. (1999). Managing the newly Generation. AORN Journal, 69.5 930 (1). * Featherstone, Mike. (1991) Body in consumer culture. Body social process and cultural theory. LondonSage 170-196. * Furman, Frida Kerner. (1997) Facing the Mirror Older Women and The Beauty Shop Culture. New York Routledge * Hakim, Catherine. 2003. Models of the Family in Modern Societies Ideals and Realities. Aldershot Ashgate * Hollows, Joanne. (2000). Feminism, femininity and popular culture. Manchester Manchester University Press * Wolf, Naomi. (1991). The Beauty Myth How Images of Beauty are used against women. New York Bantum * (http//www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-1185166/ALEXANDRA-SHULMAN-My-dad-said-Id-husband-I-didnt-lose-weight.html).

Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome in Fast-growing Broilers

Pulmonary Hypertension Syndrome in Fast-growing BroilersThis study investigated variations of plasma angiotonin II and gene reflection of renin, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) in the plaza of pulmonary hypertensive chickens. blood plasma angiotensin II was significantly amplificationd at 28 age of time (P1R was increased at 12 and 42 days (P1R and ACE written matters in the leftover over(p) ventricle of the treated group were increased at days 12 and 42 respectively compargond to gibes (P1R mRNAs were relatively upregulated in pith of chickens developing pulmonary hypertension while considerable reduction of renin/ACE and whirligig of AT1R in sound ventricle of heart whitethorn involve in dilated cardiomyopathy.Key words Renin-angiotensin system, Pulmonary hypertension, Broiler chicken.IntroductionPulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS, ascites) in fast-growing(prenominal) broilers is an elevated blood pressure within the p ulmonary circulation (Baghbanzadeh and Decuypere, 2008). Pulmonary hypertension initiates the sequential increase of hypoxemia, right-sided congestive heart failure, central venous congestion, cirrhosis of the liver, and accruement of ascitic fluid into the abdominal cavity (Balog, 2003). It is commonly accepted that PHS in fast-growing broilers is a direct effect of right atrioventricular valve insufficiency, ventricular account book overload and right ventricular dilation and failure (Baghbanzadeh and Decuypere, 2008). In PHS, a high vascular resistance due to an anatomically inadequate pulmonary vascular capacity and excessive vascular tone reflecting an imbalance between pulmonary vasoconstrictors and vasodilators has been demonstrated (Wideman et al., 2013). Many vasoactive elements are involved in the pathophysiology of PHS such as norepinephrine, thromboxane,endothelin, serotonin, azotic oxide, prostacyclin and angiotensin II (Teshfam et al., 2006, Hassanpour et al., 2009, Hassanpour et al., 2011, Wideman et al., 2013). Pathophysiologic alte symmetryns in the cellular and molecular levels of this syndrome have been noted (Kim and Iwao, 2000, Sato et al., 2012, Hassanpour et al., 2013a, Hassanpour et al., 2013b).Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the central active component of the reninangiotensin system (reticular activating system) that plays a major role in regulating the cardiovascular system, and disorders of the RAS contribute largely to the pathophysiology of hypertension, renal disease and chronic heart failure (Dostal and Baker, 1999). This system is an ever-evolving hormone system with considerable checks and balances on the production and catabolism of angiotensin peptides most likely due to the mani dig up effects of angiotensin (Putnam et al., 2012). In the RAS, a trumpeter peptide, angiotensinogen, is cleaved by renin to form the decapeptide angiotensin I. The dipeptidase angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) cleaves angiotensin I to form the octapeptide angiotensin II (Levy, 2004). Ang II, through the activation of specific Ang II types 1 and 2 receptors (AT1R AT2R), regulates cardiac contractility, cell communication, and impulse propagation. In addition, Ang II is involved in cardiac remodeling, growth, and apoptosis (Paul et al., 2006, Ferreira et al., 2008).The concept of a local RAS located in the heart with autocrine and paracrine roles has been support in mammals by many studies, in particular with the demonstration that elements of the RAS and Ang receptors are present in cardiac tissue (De Mello and Danser, 2000). The objective of this study was to sterilise plasma angiotensin and the relative counts of renin, ACE and AT1R mRNA expression in the heart ventricles (right and left) of broiler chickens with pulmonary hypertension experimentally induced by 3,5,3-l-triiodothyronine (T3). This hormone increases metamorphosis via increasing number and size of mitochondria and stimulation of the cell membrane enzym e Na+-K+ ATPase), thus, increases oxygen consumption and requirement (Griffin and Ojeda, 2000). The increased body demand for oxygen prompts an increase in cardiac verbotenput. High cardiac output triggers an increase in lung arterial pressure, presumably because of the low compliance of the pulmonary vasculature (Balog, 2003).Materials and methodsBirds and treatmentsA total of 60 One-day old male Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to a control or treatment group (30 birds per group). Each group was randomly divided into three equal replicates of 10 chickens per pen. The chickens were reared for seven weeks on wood shavings under standard conditions and provided ad libitum access to water and a standard ration (Starter 12.6 MJ metabolisable energy (ME)/kg of diet, 230 g/kg crude protein (CP), Grower 13.2 MJ ME/kg of diet, 210 g/kg CP, Finisher 13.4 MJ ME/kg of diet, 190 g/kg CP formulated) to meet requirements for broilers . In the treatment group, T3 was included in the basal diets at a concentration of 1.5 mg T3/kg after day 6 of rearing period (Hassanpour et al., 2013a). Throughout the study death rate was record daily. Those broilers that died during the experimental period were examined for lesions of heart failure and ascites.The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Ahvaz and Shahrekord Universities approved all procedures used in this study.Assessment of right ventricular hypertrophyAt 12 and 42 d of age, sextuplet chickens from severally group were selected at random, weighed and killed by decapitation. The heart was resected and right ventricle hypertrophy was estimated as described by Teshfam et al. (2006). The ratio of right ventricle to total ventricle (RV/TV) was calculated as an index of pulmonary hypertension. Chickens with an RV/TV ratio 0.28 were classified as pulmonary hypertensive chickens (Wideman, 2001). The right and left ventricles of the heart were immediately frozen in placid nitrogen and stored at -70C for ensuant RNA analysis.RNA extraction and cDNA synthesisIn this experiment, frozen ventricular tissues which had been prepared in the aseptic condition, were homogenized in a liquid nitrogen bath. extreme RNA from right (six samples from each group at 12 and 42 days) and left ventricles (six samples from each group at 12 and 42 days) was extracted by a guanidine / phenol solution (RNx plus, Sinaclon Bioscience, Karaj, Iran). 100 mg of homogenized tissue was prepared in this solution. The homogenate was then mixed with chloroform. The resulting mixture was centrifuged (9000 rpm, 4C, 15 min), yielding an upper aqueous phase containing total RNA. Following 100% isopropanol precipitation, the RNA pellet was washed with 75% ethanol. The RNA samples were resuspended in DEPC-treated water. Total RNA was treated with RNase-free DNase (Sinaclon Bioscience, Karaj, Iran) to avoid amplification of contaminating genomic DNA. RNA was evaluated by agarose gel (1.5%) electrophoresis to determine extracted RNA quality as indicated by discrete 18S and 28S rRNA bands. The amount and quality of RNA were determined by spectrophotometry. Only RNA of sufficient purity, having an absorbance ratio (A260/280) greater than 1.9, was considered for synthesis of cDNA.Total RNA was exterminate canned into cDNA in a short time after extraction (less than 6 hours) using M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Sinaclon Bioscience, Karaj, Iran) as described by Hassanpour et al. (2010). The reverse-transcription (RT) was through with(p) in a 20 l deal containing 2 g of extracted RNA, 200 ng random hexamer, 0.5 mM dNTP. This mixture was het to 65C for 5 min, and 40 u of RNase inhibitor, RT buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 75 mM KCl, 3 mM MgCl2), 10 mM DTT and 200 u M-MLV reverse transcriptase were added. This mixture was incubated for 5 min at 25C, followed by 50 min at 38C. The reverse transcription mix was heated to 75C for 15 min to denature the RNA and then stored at -20C.Quantitative corporeal time PCR AnalysisIn this study, relative quantification of real time PCR was used to measure changes in a gene expression in result to T3 treatment. The levels of renin, AT1R, ACE and -actin transcripts were determined in the six samples of right and left ventricles from each group at 12 and 42 days by real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR using Eva-Green chemistry (Sinaclon Bioscience, Karaj, Iran). This method requires a suitable internal standard to control for variability between samples and to normalise the input load of cDNA. -actin was used as an internal standard. Specific basiss of Renin, AT1R, ACE and -actin were designed with Primer-Blast (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/primer blast/index.cgi?LINK_LOC=blastHome). The expected products of primers in PCR were checked in Nucleotide-Blast (www.blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PROGRAM=blastnPAGE_TYPE=BlastSearchLINK_LOC=blasthome) which found no similarity with other chicken genes. Primers are listed in Table 1. PCRs were carried out in a real- time PCR cycler (Rotor Gene Q 6000, Qiagen, USA) in three replicates for each sample of ventricles. 1 l cDNA was added to 4 l Titan angry Taq Eva-Green Ready Mix (Sinaclon Bioscience, Iran), 0.5 M of each specific primer in a total volume of 20 l. The thermal profile was 95C for 5 min, 35 cycles of 95C for 40 s, 60C for 35 s and 72C for 30 s. At the end of each phase, fluorescence was assessed by the real-time PCR cycler and used for quantitative objectives. The no-template control and no-reverse transcriptase control were used to check contamination in the PCR reagents. Gene expression data were normalized to -actin. selective information were analyzed using Rotor Gene- parcel, version 2.0.2 (build 4) (Qiagen, USA) and LinRegPCR software version 2012.0 (Amsterdam, Netherland), to give the threshold cycle number and reaction efficiency (Ruijter et al., 2009). Relative transcript levels and fold changes in transcript abundance were calculated using efficiency adjusted Livak methodol ogy (CT method) (Livak and Schmittgen, (2001).Measurement of angiotensin II in plasmaThe six chickens per group at 12, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days were selected for blood collection. Blood samples were collected from the brachial vein in heparinized syringes and centrifuged at 2,500g for 10 min to have plasma. The total amount of Ang II plasma level was quantified by using a commercially available Ang II-EIA kit (catalog No. S-1133, Bachem Chemical Company, Germany) following the manufacturers instructions. Plasma proteins was precipitated as follows before the use of this kit. Briefly, 1 mL plasma was mixed with 2 mL acetone and centrifuged (10000 rpm, 4C, 10 min). The supernatant was extracted with 4 mL petroleum benzine and left at room for 30 min. After discarding the ether phase, the aqueous, lower phase containing the angiotensin was evaporated to dryness at 40C. The alter extracts were redissolved in 0.25 mL assay buffer (0.1 M Tris-HCl, (pH=7.4), 3 mg/mL bovine serum albumin an d 2 mg/mL fradicin sulfate) and stored at -20C prior to assay (Gray and Simon, 1985). The materials for protein precipitation were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co.The Ang II-EIA kit is an in vitro quantitative assay for detecting the angiotensin II peptide based on the principle of a competitive enzyme immunoassay (competitive binding to the Ang II antibody between biotinylated Ang II peptide and peptides in samples). This kit has intra-assay variation Statistical analysisData are represented as mean SE. similitudes were made using an independent sample t-test between each treatment and its control. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-16 software (SPSS Institute Inc.). All data were checked to have a normal distribution and log transformed if necessary. Any data requiring log transformation were back-transformed for insertion of data. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.ResultsEstimation of right ventricular hypertrophyThe RV/TV ratio was greater in the treated groups at 42 days of age (0.303 0.021) than controls (0.215 0.017) (P=0.004), while this ratio was not significant at 12 days (control 0.154 0.014 treatment 0.171 0.012) (P=0.091). The increase of RV/TV ratio was 29% at 42 days. The clinical signs of ascites was observable in the most treated chickens at the end of rearing period.Expression of renin, AT1R and ACE genes in the right and left ventriclesReal-time PCR results of renin, ACE and AT1R genes are shown in Figs. 13. The expression of -actin was detected in all samples. The renin, AT1R and ACE genes were expressed in the right and left ventricles of control and T3-treated broilers at 12 and 42 days of age. The relative amount of renin mRNA expression in the right ventricle of the treated groups was significantly increased at 12 days (15.5 fold) (P=0.009) and decreased at 42 days (4 fold) of age compared to controls (P=0.012 Fig. 1).The relative amount of ACE mRNA expression in the left ventricle of the treated group was significantly increased (9 fold) at 42 days of age compared to controls (P=0.008), but did not differ at 12 days of age (Fig. 2). In the right ventricle, the expression of this gene was increased (2.9 fold) at 12 days (P=0.031) while decreased (3 fold) at 42 days of age in the treated group compared to control (P=0.024).The relative amount of AT1R mRNA expression in the right ventricle of the treated group was significantly increased at 12 (5.9 fold) (P=0.036) and 42 (3.7 fold) (P=0.044) days of age compared to control. In the left ventricle of the treated group, the mRNA amount of this gene was only higher(prenominal) (3.9 fold) at 12 days of age than control (P=0.043 Fig. 3).Assessment of plasma angiotensin IIThe level of Ang II was measured in plasma samples of chickens at 12, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days of age. The amount of Ang II was significantly increased in T3-treated chickens only at 28 days of age when compared with control (P=0.041 Fig. 4).In this study, total morta lity was 23.3% for treatment group and 3.3% for control group.DiscussionIn the present study, the effect of T3 hormone was observed at 42 days of age which increased cardiac index (i.e., RV/TV 0.28). According to Wideman (2001), this high cardiac index is associated with sustained pulmonary hypertension (significant high blood pressure of pulmonary artery and right ventricle). In T3-treated chickens of our experiment, cardiac index was not critically high to be noticed as pulmonary hypertension at 12 days of age. Thus, any alterations in cardiac RAS gene expression at this age were not related to this syndrome (Klein and Danzi, 2007, Vargas et al., 2012). Ang II, apart from its effect of elevating arterial pressure, exerts mitogenic and growth promoting effects on cardiac myocytes both of these effects contribute to the development congestive heart failure (Varagic and Frohlich, 2002). In our experiment, the amount of plasma Ang II considerably was higher at 28 days of age and so at this time of rearing period could be critical in the incidence of PHS, as previously suggested by Hassanpour et al. (2011). However, our data showed that Ang II may be involved as an important factor in the induction of PHS, but its role in the development of this syndrome and heart dilation is not predominant, versus PHS in mammals (Wollert and Drexler, 1999). It must be noticed that hyperthyroidism increases degradation of proteins far exceed synthesis (Decuypere et al., 2005). Thus, variation of Ang II amount during rearing period of chickens could be affected by excess T3.At 42 days of age, cardiac index was considerably high to cause heart failure and PHS. It is noticed that this stage could be associated with heart dilation, which may differ cardiomyocytes structurally and functionally from hypertrophic stage (Lowes et al., 2002, Hassanpour et al., 2013a). Thus, alternations in the expression of mentioned genes in the heart ventricles, particularly in the right ventricle, which was more affected by PHS than the left ventricle, could be due to dilated cardiomyopathy.Renin mRNA has been detected in the heart of various species (Paul et al., 2006). Pieruzzi et al. (1995) described that volume overload of heart was able to increase renin mRNA in the rat heart. In contrast, Iwai et al. (1995) were unable to confirm these findings. In the present study, mRNA variations of this gene were not considerable in the left ventricle of the treated chickens while in the right ventricle, conspicuous increase (12 days) and decrease (42 days) were observed. The initial increase of renin mRNA may be influenced by volume overload of heart due to thyroid hormone while consequent decrease of this gene could be due to happening of the PHS. As previously mentioned, the end stage of PHS could be associated with dilated cardiomyopathy of the right ventricle in which cardiomyocytes are unable to contract properly. Apparently, this disability occurs in the expression of many g enes (Ladenson et al., 1992, Lowes et al., 2002, Teshfam et al., 2006, Hassanpour et al., 2013b). A reduction of renin mRNA in the right ventricle may be due to negative compensatory feedback of cardiomycytes against high activation of systemic RAS (high plasma Ang II). It may be also noticed that T3 initially stimulates expression of genes (such as renin) and then, suppresses transcription in long time, similar to its effect on protein (Ruckebusch et al., 1991). Further, the nurture of ACE mRNA might be influenced by thyroid hormone and initial induction of hypertrophy in the heart ventricles, while the reduction of this transcript occurred in the dilated right ventricle at the end stage of PHS. Hao et al. (2013) reported an increase of ACE mRNA and concentration of Ang II in the right ventricular tissue of cold stress-chickens at 42 days of age. This apparent discrepancy between our results and study of Hao et al. (2013) could be due to different routes in the induction of PHS. C omparison of cardiac index in these two studies confirms that induction of PHS with T3 was more severe than cold stress. Probably, the right ventricular remodeling in the cold stress-chickens was not completely progressed. Thus, it could be logical reason for increasing of ACE mRNA and Ang II in the hypertrophic right ventricle.The increasing of AT1R in the heart hypertrophy and heart failure has been confirmed (Barlucchi et al., 2001, Diniz et al., 2007) which is in relative agreement with our findings. Wollert and Drexler (1999) reviewed that AT-receptors-dependent signaling cascades potently modulate cardiac myocyte function and growth. They also reported that cardiac hypertrophy in response to haemodynamic overload can occur independently of the AT-receptors.In conclusion, the gene expression of renin, ACE and AT1R was relatively upregulated in the heart of chickens developing PHS. The right ventricle of patrol wagon from pulmonary hypertensive chickens showed considerable redu ction of renin, ACE and elevation of AT1R which may be involved in dilated cardiomyopathy.

The View of Personal Responsibility for Health

The View of personal Responsibility for HealthINTRODUCTIONThe connection between freedom and responsibility progressed as a consequence on wellness occupy issues for individuals, families, society and environment. It besides includes the factors well-nigh the functions of healthcare workers and other contributors that affect health, like issues on how to implement government programs, wherein in other settings on that point is lack of post from the community members. And the question lies on who is to be blamed when health problems arises. People should remain liable for their own choices, and there are identify factors which are outside the human control where in people become sick caused by environmental predicament. And the outcome of these problems at times they put on the faults to society. Despite of the impressive disagreement, there are assertive evidence why this health responsibility has been lowered to the framework of family and society, within the background of pol itical as societal affairs that functions as one of the fork overrs of healthcare in any setting. The article Responsibility for health Personal, Social and Environmental gave me a question to the highest degree who are re ally responsible for our own health?I contemplate all the factors involved, and in my own proposition, we are responsible for our own actions and health consequences. Justifying the display case of those people who are physically challenged or mentally incapacitated. On their case support from the community, aside from the family is needed, that is why the government has a fund and program for that sphere or member of the community, it is part of the government to provide the necessary steps for them to be back on the right track of healthy living, which cannot be prone by themselves, and the healthcare workers will be on their side to perform the health plans for them. But for those who are able and have a clear see on what is going on, then the decision to have a better health lies on their own hand. It is our own choice for whatever we want in our lives, we are accountable for our own health, we have the agency to exercise whatever judgement we make as our choice for in-person health and safety, and we do accepted the boundaries wherein our body will be at risk or can still tolerate the elements or summations that, are being advised to consume minimally or avoid completely.And for me the social side, there responsibility is only for us to be warned about the good or bad effects of any substance available, and to provide support in times health concern arises. Its main responsibility for health is to promote and implement programs that can provide optimum health to individuals. Being funded by the government both nationally and locally, its focus mainly to avoid and eliminate potential health risk, and detection of any possible situation of any health issues that will affect the individuals and community as a whole. Health funds d erived from taxes were used by health government organization. The benefits include in the unrestricted health are the free hospitalization within 24 hours emergency and clinic interventions, laboratory test, dental and immunization, and also subsidy for prescribed medicines. The government also provide assurance that health practitioners are registered with them and fully competent in the practice of their profession.Environment can only be responsible when both personal and social fails to perform the responsibilities they should be doing, such as pollution. Hazardous waste materials must(prenominal) be disposed halally and possible health effect or consequences should be eliminated. All programs for the maintenance of clean environment must be strictly implemented and the rule for a clean surroundings must be enjoyable exercised by the people involved. An environmental health issue can only be experienced due to lack of function and concern to health programs, of both individu als and the society itself.Our greatest hope for minimising the burden of preventable disease and death around the world is through Health behaviour change. Tobacco smoking, slight active lifestyle, not healthy diet, and alcohol consumption together account for al or so one million deaths each year in the United States alone, for grammatical case. The military personnel Health Organisation has cautioned that the global scattered of the tobacco widespread could claim one billion lives by the end of this millennium. The rising frequency of childhood stalwartness could place the New Zealand at risk of rearing the rst generation of youngsters to live sickly and die very young than their parents, and the widespread prevalent of fatness among youngsters and produce individuals threatens surprising worldwide health and economic charges.The leading behavioural risks factors are non-compliance to prescribed medical examinations and preclusion and illness management activity, unsafe sex, drug application, family and throttle valve foul play, worksite and motor vehicular accidents) say unequal charges in low-paid jobs and less privileged racial and ethnic populace, as well as in scarce-resource societies all over the globe. Taking these behavioural dangers and distinctions, and the behaviours associated to universal health risks, such as influenza virus outbreak, water scarceness, more harmful ultra violet exposure, and the indebtedness to guard the health of mother earth itself, will be crucial to global health in this century.There are clinically proven studies for most major behavioural health threats, enclosing tobacco smoking, not healthy diet, unbalanced lifestyle, too much drinking, and diabetes care guidance. There are similar question battleground instructions for the health care system switches and procedures needed to make sure their efficiency. New society application procedures propose another research study recommendations for a wide array of popul ace-level, education-, workplace-, and society-based agenda and non-private procedures to develop jab rates and bodily activity requirements for youngsters and mature ones, enhance diabetes self-care guidance, minimise dangerous sun vulnerability, grasp second-hand smoke inhalation, eradicate youth tobacco consumption and help mature smokers to quit, minimise workplace and motor vehicular accidents, and reckless drunk driving and family and grease-gun foul play.The restricted power of even our most effective distinct health behaviour precautions, based on studies emphasizing intrapersonal and interpersonal factors of health behaviours, all the way resulted to an exclusive reliance on distinctly oriented precautions would not be enough to reach our critical populace health and health care objectives. These deficiencies take to a basic paradigm shift in our comprehension of what the goals of efficient precautions wanted to be, not just everyone but the full contexts in which they work and live. This tendency catalysed the increase of environmental models of health development that have guided the improvement of influential precautions in non-private health and health care facilities. Similar movements in the models and schemes of public health and clinical health advancement opened the way for even wider populace models that link health goals and public health groups, societies, clinical and health care professionals. The Chronic Care Model proclaimed by the Institute of Medicine and the related structure raised by the World Health Organization as examples. And these structures stimulated works to polish and pertain paradigmatic and principles to interpret efficient clinical and public health programs into application and procedures, enclosing the scattering of innovations model, society and acquaintance change principles, and socio-marketing and communications principles. Mega parallel increases in what we have educated about the patterns, procedures and limitations of non-private health improvement and health care quality development from the past terce decades describe the basic assumption of this and prior versions of Health Behaviour and Education that an exchange varies between proposition, investigation, and application is crucial to efficient health literacy and advancement.The major principles and examples of health literacy at many levels are personage, interpersonal, peer groups, society, non-private policy and in a wide array of settings and populace. Analysis is one of the new exertions to comprehend quickly about what generates by estimating grassroots labours in schools and societies over the nation and the planet to carry out agenda, policies, and ecological shifts to restrain the increase in children obesity as an example as a whole.CONCLUSIONIn general, to balance the responsibility between the society and the family, both must recognize its functions to health programs. The society must provide the necessary thin gs for the implementation of care, this involves the healthcare benefits that are subject to be distributed to each member of the society, like medical check-up, free medicine, clean food and drinking water, strong project to eliminate pollution, immediate response in any infectious cases, and maintain the ability to identify potential problems. And for the family, the society needs the whole support from each member the family must participate in all health programs and be open to discuss any health issues. Individual in the family must observe health practice, it includes healthy diet and avoidance of any substances that considered as health risk, and all kinds of vices that affects healthy living. And on the other side of family healthcare protection, it is consequential that they should acquire health insurances for them to be assisted in finances regarding health concerns. Insurances provide financial support and it elevates the burden from expenses in health problems. For en vironment issues, priggish sanitation and garbage disposal must be observed to avoid environmental difficulties. The effectiveness of any government health agenda rest on the assistance of each individual, and family member of the community covered by the program. A clean environment will produce a healthy individual and a happy family, this will stand as the symbol of safe and wholesome society. In addition, to balance all these factors, the government must provide training and proper education regarding health practice, support its workers through proper funding, remuneration and provision of entitled benefits. Individuals and businesses that contribute support for health standards must be supported. In sacrifice to this, compliance to taxation program should be followed, individual members of the family and the society as a whole must support government regulation regarding its health programs.REFERENCESBrownell, K. D. (1991). Personal responsibility and control over our bodies when expectation exceeds reality.Health Psychology,10(5), 303.Minkler, M. (1999). Personal responsibility for health? A review of the arguments and the evidence at centurys end.Health Education Behavior,26(1), 121-141.Sallis, J. F., Owen, N., Fisher, E. B. (2008). ecological models of health behavior.Health behavior and health education Theory, research, and practice,4, 465-485.

Abraham Lincoln Essay -- biography bio biographies

Abraham Lincolns effectiveness as chairwoman of the United States was so great that in all these years, and those before his time, no president has ever come close to equaling his achievements. Lincoln is known as a humble, honest man whose presidency irrevocably altered our society. He took office in a time of turmoil for our growing nation. During his administration he fought and won the bloodiest war in our history. Lincoln also passed through congress the most massive piece of legislation for social change in our history.As social and economic differences plagued our nation, Lincoln sought above all else to preserve the Union. As the southwestward seceded from the Union, became the Confederate States, and the Civil War began Honest Abe held onto his goal. With fighting resolve through the battles of Bull Run, Antietam, and Gettysburg Lincoln switched generals seeking the best leaders for his troops. He then nominate Ulysses S. Grant who led the Northern armies to victory and enabled President Lincoln to preserve the Union. If Lincoln had let the south go without a fight, lost the war, or interpreted advantage of the souths surrender, America as we now know it would not exist.On January 1st 1863 the Emancipation Proclamation was put into effect, freeing all slaves in the disaffected southern states. Lincoln wanted the United States to be viewed seriously by other nations and thought that slavery was primitive and wrong. With the Emancipation Proclamation he free...

John Paul Jones :: essays research papers

John Paul JonesThe Bonhomme Richard vs. The HMS Serapis&9John Paul was born in the small look for village of Arbigland, Scotland on July 6, 1747. To his parents John Paul and Jean MacDuff he was the fourth child. They had seven children but unfortunately all but two died in infancy. The family was sooner from Fife but John Pauls father had taken the family and moved to Arbigland where William Craik, the owner of a large estate their had met him and hired him to be his gardener. John Paul grew up on this estate and to those who watched him grow up, it seemed that he always had a fascination and a passion to sail something. Whether it was a leaf as a child or a bit of wood blown by a small paper sail, John Paul was a seaman from birth. He attended Kirkbean take but spent much of his time at the small port of Carsethorn on the Solway Firth. As he grew up others often found him teaching his playmates to looseness their little boats to mimic a naval battle, while he, taking his stand on the tiny cliff overlooking the small river, shouted shrill commands at his imaginary fleet. &9At the age of thirteen he boarded a ship to Whitehaven, which was a large port across the Solway Firth. There he sign up for a seven year seamans apprenticeship on The Friendship of Whitehaven, whose captain was James Younger, a prosperous merchant and ship owner. His first voyage took him across the Atlantic Ocean to Barbados and Fredericksburg, Virginia at which he stayed with his older brother William, a tailor, who had left Scotland for America over thirteen years before, and who now was living substantially and flourishing.John Paul was released from his apprenticeship at age 17 after which he went straight into the slave trade as third mate on fairy George of Whitehaven. After some time he became disgusted with the slave trade and returned home. John Paul had become a captain at the age of twenty-one. When on one of his missions, John Paul was accused of assaulting and killing one of his sailors, and was then arrested but found not guilty by the Tobago courts because of lack of evidence and testimonial on his behalf. Because of this he fled to America and changed his name to John Paul Jones of which he was called for the rest of his life.