Finding and Harvesting the American Ginseng Plant

Seleucus as a Successor of Alexander

Seleucus was one of the Diadochi or successors of Alexander. His name was given to the empire he and his successors ruled. These, the Seleucids, may be familiar because they came into contact with the Hellenistic Jews involved in the revolt of the Maccabees (at the heart of the holiday of Hanukkah). Seleucuss Early Life and Family Seleucus himself was one of the Macedonians who fought with Alexander the Great as he conquered Persia and the western part of the Indian subcontinent, from 334 on. His father, Antiochus, had fought with Alexanders father, Philip, and so it is thought Alexander and Seleucus were around the same age, with Seleucus birthdate about 358. His mother was Laodice. Starting his military career while still a young man, Seleucus had become a senior officer by 326, in command of the royal Hypaspistai and on Alexanders staff. He crossed the Hydaspes River, in the Indian subcontinent, along with Alexander, Perdiccas, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy, some of his fellow notables in the empire carved by Alexander. Then, in 324, Seleucus was among those Alexander required to marry Iranian princesses. Seleucus married Apama, daughter of Spitamenes. Appian says Seleucus founded three cities that he named in her honor. She would become the mother of his successor, Antiochus I Soter. This makes the Seleucids par t Macedonian and part Iranian, and so, Persian. Seleucus Flees to Babylonia Perdiccas appointed Seleucus commander of the shield bearers in about 323, but Seleucus was one of those who murdered Perdiccas. Later, Seleucus resigned command, surrendering it to Cassander, son of Antipater so that he could govern as satrap the province of Babylonia when the territorial division was made at Triparadisus in about 320. In c. 315, Seleucus fled from Babylonia and Antigonus Monophthalmus to Egypt and Ptolemy Soter. One day Seleucus insulted an officer without consulting Antigonus, who was present, and Antigonus out of spite asked for accounts of his money and his possessions; Seleucus, being no match for Antigonus, withdrew to Ptolemy in Egypt. Immediately after his flight, Antigonus deposed Blitor, the governor of Mesopotamia, for letting Seleucus escape, and took over personal control of Babylonia, Mesopotamia and all the peoples from the Medes to the Hellespont....—Arrian Seleucus Takes Back Babylonia In 312, at the Battle of Gaza, in the third Diadoch War, Ptolemy and Seleucus defeated Demetrius Polorcetes, son of Antigonus. The next year Seleucus took Babylonia back. When the Babylonian War broke out, Seleucus defeated Nicanor. In 310 he defeated Demetrius. Then Antigonus invaded Babylonia. In 309 Seleucus defeated Antigonus. This marks the start of the Seleucid empire. Then in the Battle of Ipsus, during the fourth Diadoch war, Antigonus was defeated, Seleucus conquered Syria. After Antigonus had fallen in battle [1], the kings who had joined with Seleucus in destroying Antigonus, shared out his territory. Seleucus obtained then Syria from the Euphrates to the sea and inland Phrygia [2]. Always lying in wait for the neighboring peoples, with the power to coerce and the persuasion of diplomacy, he became ruler of Mesopotamia, Armenia, Seleucid Cappadocia (as it is called) [3], the Persians, Parthians, Bactrians, Arians and Tapurians, Sogdia, Arachosia, Hyrcania, and all other neighboring peoples whom Alexander had conquered in war as far as the Indus. The boundaries of his rule in Asia extended further than those of any ruler apart from Alexander; the whole land from Phrygia eastwards to the river Indus was subject to Seleucus. He crossed the Indus and made war on Sandracottus [4], king of the Indians about that river, and eventually arranged friendship and a marriage alliance with him. Some of these achievements belong to the period before the end of Antig onus, others to after his death. [...]—Appian Ptolemy Assassinates Seleucus In September 281, Ptolemy Keraunos assassinated Seleucus, who was buried in a city he had founded and named for himself. Seleucus had 72 satraps under him [7], so vast was the territory he ruled. Most of it he handed over to his son [8], and ruled himself only the land from the sea to the Euphrates. His last war he fought against Lysimachus for the control of Hellespontine Phrygia; he defeated Lysimachus who fell in the battle, and crossed himself the Hellespont [9]. As he was marching up to Lysimachea [10] he was murdered by Ptolemy nicknamed Keraunos who was accompanying him [11].This Keraunos was the son of Ptolemy Soter and Eurydice the daughter of Antipater; he had fled from Egypt through fear, as Ptolemy had in mind to hand over his realm to his youngest son. Seleucus welcomed him as the unfortunate son of his friend, and supported and took everywhere his own future assassin. And so Seleucus met his fate at the age of 73, having been king for 42 years.—Ibid Sources Diodorus xviii Justin xiiiPlutarchNeposJona LenderingCurtius x.5.7 fGreek Coins and Their Parent Cities, by John Ward, Sir George Francis HillMasters of Command by Barry StraussGhost on the Throne, by James RommAlexander the Great and His Empire, by Pierre Briant

Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway Essay examples

Hills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway â€Å"Which line of criticism best suits this short story? Ernest Hemingway’s ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ is suited to a Psychoanalytic perspective criticism and is the most effective, as it contains hidden, deeper meanings which the author had represented in this piece, by explicating the text to explore the themes of choices, plot, setting and imagery, and essentially abortion. Psychoanalytic criticism expresses the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author. This particular thought of criticism is associated with looking for evidence of psychological conflicts, guilts, ambivalences, which undoubtedly is overflowing in this particular†¦show more content†¦The weather is ‘very hot’, and the emphasis of ‘very’ creates an image of the sun really beating down on this couple. By not taking the new criticism approach, by just really believing that the sun is just hot and that’s it, the psychologically of this phrase suggests the beating of stress and pressure to decide whether or not to abort the baby. And despite the fact that they have concealed themselves in shade, gives us the alternative to consider that them hiding away from this stress and pressure gives a sense of what the decision they make will be the wrong one. These examples of clever uses of imagery used in the text displays how the author want ed us to interpret what he represented in the text. Conflict is a term that relates well with psychoanalytic criticism. There is obviously a conflict of interests between the man and the girl. The man shows a high sanguinity of the situation, and is obviously forcing the girl to abort their child. He tells the girl ‘we could have everything†¦we could have all this†¦we can have the whole world’. This man obviously thinks that not having this baby will make their lives much more easier and perhaps more happier for them to carry on with their lives. He does not mean literally that they can have the ‘whole world’, but it really means that they aren’t burdened with theShow MoreRelatedHills Like White Elephants by Ernest Hemingway580 Words   |  2 PagesE.B. White once said, â€Å"Theres no limit to how complicated things can get, on account of one thing always leading to another.† This quotation means that nobody ever knows how complicated things are going to get, and on top of that th ey can get worse. One can agree with this statement because in life you can go through unexpected situations that really affect your life in a negative way, and in life things might get worse. Both Soldiers home by Ernest Hemingway and Hills like white elephants by ErnestRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway886 Words   |  4 Pagesreader could put themselves into. Whether they choose to partake in a wayward journey full of adventure or the daily life of a human being with morals; a story’s aspect influences those thoughts with a deeper understanding. In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† it follows an American man and girl at a resting point during their travels. They arrived by train, stopping between Barcelona and Madrid. While there, they patiently waited for the next train at a bar inside of the station.Read MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway893 Words   |  4 Pages Ernest Hemingway was a prol ific writer. His short story, â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† shows the tense situation between a man and a woman on vacation. Hemingway chooses to be vague in many ways. He never gives real names to his characters, nor explicitly states where they are besides hinting that they are in Spain. Additionally, he leaves it entirely to the reader to discover what the couple is discussing. By only providing information to the reader through only the dialogue of the two centralRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway939 Words   |  4 PagesThe short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† written by Ernest Hemingway, is an intriguing literary work that foretells the story of a man and a woman waiting for a train, whilst discussing their feelings and emotions towards the surgical operation that is about to occur on the woman. Although the story was originally written in August 1927, the piece was later published in Hemingway’s short story collect ion ‘Men Without Women’. The text includes a wide variety of literary terms and has various criticalRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway990 Words   |  4 Pages Another relationship coming to an end†¦ Throughout the story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† written in 1927 by Ernest Hemingway, he used the train station setting, the desired operation, and obviously the relationship between the American and the girl to symbolize a crumbling relationship and unwanted gift between them. The American and the girl find themselves wound up in a rough, unplanned situation that they are trying to fix. Many bread crumbs are dropped throughout the story to symbolize a collapsingRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway1446 Words   |  6 PagesErnest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† explores the topics of abortion, sex before marriage, and feelings of separation. There are many different points of view one can take on Hemingway’s work. The main literary analysis that will be explained is the significance of the title and how it is layered into the story in various places. In addition to this, the narrator’s point of view will also be discussed since it plays a role in bringing the characters together. Lastly, it willRead More`` Hills Like White Elephants `` By Ernest Hemingway1750 Words   |  7 PagesErnest Hemingway’s stories are known for their ever interpreting meanings behind them, and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† does not trail from the rest due to the never mentioned word ‘abortion’. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† written by Ernest Hemingway, takes place around World War 1 in Spain, at a train station (Hills Like White Elephants. 4). An American man and a girl have been discussing the girl’s unspecific operation. It is apparent that the girl is perturbed about this operation, while theRead MoreHills Like White Elephants By Ernest Hemingway1037 Words   |  5 PagesOlivia Sellers English 102 Scheck February 10, 2016 â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† can be puzzling and hard to decipher. Due to this, a number of conclusions can be drawn away from the text. The dialog between characters leaves a number of questions unanswered and leaves the reader confused about the conversation as a whole. Many things are left unsaid and not explained in the story, with that being the case, the reader must takeRead More`` Hills Like White Elephant `` By Ernest Hemingway865 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore it begins, or as easily getting rid of problem before it even became one. In the short story â€Å"Hills like White Elephant†, the compensation of abortion can easily be seen between Jig and her American lover’s decision whether to keep the innocent’s life or not. Ernest Hemingway uses the fiction element plot, symbolism, and setting to illustrate the theme of abortion in â€Å"Hills like White Elephants.† Abortion has been viewed as a crucial struggle between couples. Many view this situation as endingRead MoreHills Like White Elephants, by Ernest Hemingway1432 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstood behaviors. Ernest Hemingway weaves both of these stereotypes into his short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† The story’s plot revolves around a couple arguing about whether or not to have an abortion. In Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† a theme of male domination can be found, but by examining the dialogue closely, a theme of females asserting their will and manipulating emerges as well. Male domination is the primary and most obvious theme in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† During the

Central Line Associated Infection Rates in USA

Question: 1: Writing an introduction .The introduction provides a detailed preview of the contents of the paper. 2: Calculates Central Line Associated Infection (CLABSI) rates from any hospital in USA and explains meaning of calculations. Write the definition of Incidence rates, Prevalence rates Incidence density rates, Attack rates, and Explanations of rates. Also, write Formulas for each calculation that is used to calculate the below definitions. Formula must be included in the paper as well. Calculations include: Used formula must be write. 1. Incidence rates. 2. Prevalence rates. 3. Incidence density rates. 4. Attack rates 3: Compares calculated rates above with National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) data. 4: The summary includes a detailed paragraph of what was presented in the paper. Answer: Introduction Healthcare associated infections are most commonly occurring incidences these days and have a rate of 5% in United States of America every year. CLABSI is one of the serious infections that are usually caused by the entry of germs in the bloodstream through central line for e g. Insertion of catheter etc. According to the progress report received from HAI (healthcare associated infections), among the national acute care hospitals, A significant decline has been found with 50% decrease in CLABSIs from 2008 to 2014 and in the long term acute care hospitals there is 9% decrease between 2013 and 2014. It is also found in researches that the rate of some targeted CLABSIs can decrease by 70% if the healthcare facilities, care teams, doctors and nurses are aware of such infectious problems and equipped with the required initiative to prevent such infections and a big number of hospitals have taken necessary steps to reduce such incidences. (Marsteller, 2014) CLABSI Rates in USA Hospitals Every year in United States, about 5% of the hospitalized patients are affected with HAIs out of which mortality of 12-25% has been reported to be the cases of CLABSIs which is very important, deadly and largely preventable. As per report from the centers for disease control and prevention (CDC), there are a big number of patients who are suffering from such infections in the ICUs at big hospitals of United States of America. In year 2001, approximately 43,000 cases of CLABSIs happened between the patients hospitalized in ICUs in the United States of America and this number decreased to 18,000 in calendar year 2009. This is significant reduction in such infections being happened in hospitals of USA. (Pronovost, 2006) The patients hospitalized in ICUs acquire a bigger risk of CLABSI because 48 out of 100 patients of them have infected from central venous catheters which results into more than 15 million central lines per year in the ICUs of hospitals in United States of America. As per reports, about twenty eight thousand (28,000) patients die annually in hospitals of United States of America from CLABSI and there are numerous efforts taken every day to decrease this amount. CLABSI Rate Calculation The rate of central line blood stream infection rate is calculated by dividing the count of central line associating bloodstream infections by the central line days and then multiplying them by one thousand (1000). It is calculated when the infection of the patient is confirmed by a laboratory within 48 hours before the development of BSI and there is no infection detected at any other site. To get the CLABSI rate calculated it must meet 3 basic criteria: Patient must have a pathogen in its culture from one or more blood cultures taken. Any one of the symptom (fever, chills or hypotension) must be present in the patient to direct him/her to be seen as CLABSI. If the patient is found to be of age less than one year then the symptoms like fever, hypothermia, apnoea or bradycardia must be present to go for CLABSI diagnosis. Example: In Hospital ABC, 5 patients have been detected with pathogen out of 110 patients hospitalized in the ICU, while total number of patients admitted in hospital were 1135 during period January 2016, out of which no one was of age less than 1 year. The total population treated in the hospital during last 2 years is 12450. Incidence rates Incident rate is the resultant of the frequency with which a disease takes place in a population over a particular span of time. It can be measured as below:- Incidence rates = (new incidences occupying during a given period of time / total population on risk during the same time period) For given example, Incidence rate = (5 / 110) x 100 % = 4.54% This is near to the national rate of incidences. Prevalence rates Prevalence rate is the percentage of persons in a population who have detected with a particular disease at a specific time. Prevalence rate = (all new cases and pre-active cases during a time period / total population during the same time period) For given example, Prevalence rate = (5 / 1135) x 100 % = 0.44 % Incidence density rates It is the measure of number of diseases occurring over a population at a particular period of time. Incidence density = (number of disease onset) / (sum of person time @ risk) For example, the number of diseases onset at the time of hospitalization is 13 in the period of 2years Then, 13 / (12450-2) = 13 / 12448 = 0.10% This shows that the average rate of patients with incidence density is very much in accordance with the NHSN. Attack Rates It is the measure of new cases in a population in a specific time period separated by the population at risk at the beginning of time period multiplies by 100. Attack rates = (number of new cases observed at a period of time / total population at risk) * 100 For example, number of new cases observed are 46 Total population at risk is 12450 Therefore, (46 / 12450) * 100% = 0.36 % This is under control as per the data received from NHSN. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) Data Comparison All the cases observing CLABSI in the hospitals of USA are submitted into the national database. These records are either entered directly or through CDC and NHSN .in 2009 annual survey, around 20 states were subjected to be the part of a project in the month of may and September, for the assessment purposes. From the analysis of recorded data these values came in from which are mentioned in the table below. Average CLABSI Rates with units reporting during ANY of the five time periods Information detailed reflective of data entered as of October 7, 2010. Done by NHSN Baseline 12 months prior to intervention cycle 1 Months 1-3 post intervention cycle 2 Months 4-6 post intervention cycle 3 Months 7-9 post intervention cycle 4 Months 10-15 post intervention participating States 20 20 20 20 20 Reporting units 384 436 435 434 402 Average CLABSI per unit 3.12 0.93 0.72 0.65 0.64 Average CL days per unit 1680 510 508 507 556 Average BSI rate 1.80 1.64 1.31 1.14 1.17 95% confidence interval (1.53 , 2.08) (1.39 , 1.89) (1.09 , 1.53) (0.94 , 1.35) (0.89 , 1.44) Change from baseline* NA -0.19 -0.53 -0.61 -0.59 @ 95% confidence interval (-0.58, 0.20) (-0.89,- 0.17) (-0.97,-0.25) (-1.01,-0.17) * Calculated on unpaired assessment of unit rates between time periods Summary A decline in the number of CLABSIs is seen between 2001 and 2009 from 3.64% to 1.65%.the national project team is highly alert in conducting these projects in future also so as to examine the change in values for such kind of infections. This will enable to create prevention awareness at a more progressive level. In the above mentioned data it is clear that in most parts of United States these type of infectious diseases are common but are being rapidly controlled also due to sudden and quick measurements taken by the national healthcare safety network. In 2001, an estimated number of 43,000 CLABSI patients were registered or admitted in ICUs in United States whereas in 2009 this number got highly reduced to 23,000 which is a good 58% reduction found in United States. (Richard, 1999) References Berenholtz, S., Lubomski, L., Weeks, K., Goeschel, C., Marsteller, J., Pham, J. et al. (2014). Eliminating Central LineAssociated Bloodstream Infections: A National Patient Safety Imperative.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol,35(01), 56-62. https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/674384 Pronovost, P., Needham, D., Berenholtz, S., Sinopoli, D., Chu, H., Cosgrove, S. et al. (2006). An Intervention to Decrease Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in the ICU.New England Journal of Medicine,355(26), 2725-2732. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa061115 Richards, M., Edwards, J., Culver, D., Gaynes, R. (1999). Nosocomial Infections in Pediatric Intensive Care Units in the United States.PEDIATRICS,103(4), e39-e39. https://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.103.4.e39 Vital Signs: Central LineAssociated Blood Stream InfectionsUnited States, 2001, 2008, and 2009. (2011).Annals of Emergency Medicine,58(5), 447-450. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.07.035